WindowsAPI编程核心技术-基础扫盲

预备知识

常见参数说明符前缀：

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b BOOL 布尔值
g_ Global 全局的
h Handle 句柄
hwnd HWND类型
i Integer 整数
l Long 长整数
lp Long-pointer 长指针
n Short-int 短整型
p Pointer 指针
sz Zero-terminated-String 以0结尾的字符串
u Unsigned-int 无符号整数
w WORD 无符号短整数

常用参数类型：

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HWND 窗口句柄
HINSTANCE 实例句柄
HANDLE 句柄
INT_PTR 约等于int
LPARAM 不好说，一般传地址
LPSTR 字符串指针
LPTSTR 定义了_T宏的同上
LPCTSTR 常量，同上
UINT 32位无符号整型
VOID 等于void
WPARAM 不好说，一般传各种参数

常用宏定义：

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WINAPI/APIENTRY/CALLBACK __stdcall
_In_ 输入参数，不会改变其值
_In_opt_ 可选的输入参数，不会改变其值
_Out_ 不关心本身内容，写入数据

控制台程序写法：

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#include <iostream>
#include <windows.h>
#include <tchar.h>
INT _tmain(INT argc,PTCHAR argv[]){
    return 0;
};

Windows窗口程序写法：

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#include <windows.h>
INT_PTR WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevinstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, INT nCmdShow) {
	return 0;
};

API后缀：

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A 使用ANSI编码作为标准输入输出流
W 使用Unicode作为编码
Ex 拓展一些参数之类的
ExA ExW 略

基础技术

运行单一实例

CreateMutex

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HANDLE WINAPI CreateMutex(
    _In_opt_ LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpMutexAttributes,
    //如果为NULL则不能由子进程继承
    _In_ BOOL bInitialOwner,
    //当为TRUE时，调用线程获得互斥锁对象的初始所有权
    _In_opt_ LPCTSTR lpName
    //对象名称
)//成功则返回新创建的句柄 否则返回NULL且GetLastError返回ERROR_ALREADY_EXIST

例子

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BOOL IsAlreadyRun(VOID) {
	HANDLE hMutex = NULL;
	hMutex = ::CreateMutex(NULL, FALSE, L"TEST");
	if (hMutex)
		if (ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS == ::GetLastError())
			return TRUE;
	return FALSE;
};

DLL延时加载

工程属性->配置属性->链接器->输入->延迟加载的DLL。

资源释放

从解决方案资源管理器中直接导入即可。

FindResource

确定指定类型和名称的资源所在位置。

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HRSRC FindResource(
    _In_ HMODULE hModule,
    //处理包含资源的可执行文件模块 当为NULL时从当前进程模块中装载资源
    _In_ LPCWSTR lpName,
    //指定资源名称
    _In_ LPCWSTR lpType
    //指定资源类型
)//成功时返回指定资源信息块句柄 失败返回NULL

SizeofResource

获取指定资源的字节数。

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DWORD SizeofResource(
    _In_ HMODULE hModule,
    //同上
    _In_ HRSRC hResInfo
    //资源句柄 需要FindResource或FindResourceEx来创建
)//成功返回资源字节数 失败返回0

LoadResource

装载指定资源到全局存储器。

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HGLOBAL LoadResource(
    _In_ HMODULE hModule,
    //同上
    _In_ HRSRC hResInfo
    //同上
)//成功返回相关资源数据句柄 失败返回NULL

LockResource

锁定资源并得到资源在内存中第一个字节的指针，防止其他程序访问。

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LPVOID LockResource(
    _In_ hResData
    //装载资源的句柄 通过LoadResource返回
)//当装载资源被锁住时返回值是资源第一个字节的指针 否则为NULL

例子

新版SDK在FindResource的参数_In_ LPCWSTR lpType不能由PCHAR转换而来，可以用`PWCHAR*传参。

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#include <cstdio>
BOOL FreeMyResource(UINT uiResourceName, PWCHAR lpszResourceType, PCHAR lpszSaveFileName) {
	HRSRC hRsrc = ::FindResource(NULL, MAKEINTRESOURCE(uiResourceName), lpszResourceType);
	if (NULL == hRsrc)
		return FALSE;
	DWORD dwSize = ::SizeofResource(NULL, hRsrc);
	if (0 >= dwSize)
		return FALSE;
	HGLOBAL hGlobal = ::LoadResource(NULL, hRsrc);
	if (NULL == hGlobal)
		return FALSE;
	LPVOID lpVoid = ::LockResource(hGlobal);
	if (NULL == lpVoid)
		return FALSE;
	PFILE fp = NULL;
	fopen_s(&fp, lpszSaveFileName, "wb+");
	if (NULL == fp)
		return FALSE;
	fwrite(lpVoid, sizeof(char), dwSize, fp);
	fclose(fp);
	return TRUE;
};
int main(int argc,char* argv[]) {
	return 0;
};

服务

服务程序编写

服务程序在Vista之后进入Session 0运行，所以普通的对话框UI在Session 0看不到，这里用WTSSendMessage搞一个对话框。

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#include <Windows.h>
#include <WtsApi32.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#pragma comment(lib, "WtsApi32.lib")
WCHAR g_szServiceName[MAX_PATH] = TEXT("MyServiceTest");
SERVICE_STATUS g_ServiceStatus = { 0 };
SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE g_ServiceStatusHandle = { 0 };
VOID APIENTRY ServiceCtrlHandle(DWORD dwOperateCode) {
	switch (dwOperateCode) {
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_PAUSE: {
			// 暂停
			g_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_PAUSED;
			break;
		};
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_CONTINUE: {
			// 继续
			g_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_RUNNING;
			break;
		};
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_STOP: {
			// 停止
			g_ServiceStatus.dwWin32ExitCode = 0;
			g_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_STOPPED;
			g_ServiceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
			g_ServiceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;
			::SetServiceStatus(g_ServiceStatusHandle, &g_ServiceStatus);
			break;
		};
		case SERVICE_CONTROL_INTERROGATE:
			// 询问
			break;
		default:
			break;
	};
	return;
};
VOID APIENTRY ServiceMain(DWORD dwArgc, PCHAR lpszArgv) {
	g_ServiceStatus.dwServiceType = SERVICE_WIN32;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_START_PENDING;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwControlsAccepted = SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwWin32ExitCode = 0;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwServiceSpecificExitCode = 0;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;
	g_ServiceStatusHandle = ::RegisterServiceCtrlHandler(g_szServiceName, ServiceCtrlHandle);
	g_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_RUNNING;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
	g_ServiceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;
	::SetServiceStatus(g_ServiceStatusHandle, &g_ServiceStatus);
	TCHAR szTitle[] = TEXT("ttestabc");
	TCHAR szContent[] = TEXT("ttestabc");
	DWORD dwResponse = 0;
	DWORD dwSessionId = ::WTSGetActiveConsoleSessionId();
	::WTSSendMessage(WTS_CURRENT_SERVER_HANDLE, dwSessionId, szTitle, ::lstrlen(szTitle) << 1, szContent, ::lstrlen(szContent) << 1, 0, 0, &dwResponse, FALSE);
	return;
};
int _tmain(_In_ DWORD argc, _In_ PTCHAR argv[]) {
	UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(argc);
	UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(argv);
	SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY stDispatchTable[] = { {g_szServiceName,(LPSERVICE_MAIN_FUNCTION)ServiceMain},{NULL,NULL} };
	::StartServiceCtrlDispatcher(stDispatchTable);
	return 0;
};

服务控制

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#include <Windows.h>
#include <cstdio>
#include <tchar.h>
#include <Shlwapi.h>
#pragma comment(lib,"shlwapi.lib")
BOOL SystemServiceOperate(PWCHAR lpszExePath, DWORD iOperateType) {
	BOOL bRet = TRUE;
	WCHAR szName[MAX_PATH] = { 0 };
	::lstrcpyA((LPSTR)szName, (LPSTR)lpszExePath);
	::PathStripPath(szName);
	SC_HANDLE shOSCM = NULL, shCS = NULL;
	SERVICE_STATUS ss = { 0 };
	DWORD dwErrorCode = 0;
	BOOL bSuccess = FALSE;
	shOSCM = ::OpenSCManager(NULL, NULL, SC_MANAGER_ALL_ACCESS);
	if (!shOSCM)
		return FALSE;
	if (0 != iOperateType)
		shCS = ::OpenService(shOSCM, szName, SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS);
	switch (iOperateType) {
		case 0: {
			shCS = ::CreateService(shOSCM, szName, szName, SERVICE_ALL_ACCESS, SERVICE_WIN32_OWN_PROCESS | SERVICE_INTERACTIVE_PROCESS, SERVICE_AUTO_START, SERVICE_ERROR_NORMAL,	lpszExePath, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
			if (!shCS)
				bRet = FALSE;
			break;
		};
		case 1: {
			if (!::StartService(shCS, 0, NULL))
				bRet = FALSE;
			break;
		};
		case 2: {
			if (!::DeleteService(shCS))
				bRet = FALSE;
			break;
		};
		default:
			break;
	};
	if (shCS) {
		::CloseServiceHandle(shCS);
		shCS = NULL;
	};
	if (shOSCM) {
		::CloseServiceHandle(shOSCM);
		shOSCM = NULL;
	};
	return bRet;
};
int _tmain(_In_ DWORD argc, _In_ PTCHAR argv[]) {
	UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(argc);
	UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(argv);
	BOOL bRet = FALSE;
	WCHAR szExePath[] = TEXT("D:\\tmp.exe");
	bRet = SystemServiceOperate(szExePath, 0);
	if (bRet)
		printf("INSTALL OK\n");
	else
		printf("INSTALL FAIL\n");
	bRet = SystemServiceOperate(szExePath, 1);
	if (bRet)
		printf("START OK\n");
	else
		printf("START FAIL\n");
	bRet = SystemServiceOperate(szExePath, 2);
	if (bRet)
		printf("STOP OK\n");
	else
		printf("STOP FAIL\n");
	bRet = SystemServiceOperate(szExePath, 3);
	if (bRet)
		printf("UNISNTALL OK\n");
	else
		printf("UNINSTALL FAIL\n");
	return 0;
};

字符串

获取字符串长度

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#include <tchar.h>
TCHAR szStr[] = TEXT("你好");
_tprintf(TEXT("_tcslen(szStr)=%d\n"), _tcslen(szStr));

查找字符串中出现指定字符

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#include <tchar.h>
#include <locale.h>
TCHAR szStr[] = TEXT("xxx");
LPTSTR lp = _tcschr(szStr, TEXT('x'));
setlocale(LC_ALL, "chs"); //需要输出中文字符时
_tprintf(TEXT("szStr地址%p\nlp地址%p\n"), szStr, lp);
_tprintf(TEXT("szStr:%s\nlp:%s\n"), szStr, lp);

字符串中查找另一字符串

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TCHAR szStr[] = TEXT("xxx");
TCHAR szStrSearch[] = TEXT("xxx");
_tprintf(TEXT("%s\n"), _tcsstr(szStr, szStrSearch));

字符串中查找另一字符串上任一字符

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TCHAR szStr[] = TEXT("xxx");
TCHAR szStrCharset[] = TEXT("xxx");
LPTSTR lpSearch = NULL;
lpSearch = _tcspbrk(szStr, szStrCharset);
_tprintf(TEXT("%s\n"), lpSearch);
lpSearch++;
lpSearch = _tcspbrk(lpSearch, szStrCharset);
_tprintf(TEXT("%s\n"), lpSearch);

大小写转换

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_tsetlocale(LC_ALL, TEXT(".UTF8")); //设置本地环境为UTF-8
TCHAR szStr[] = TEXT("xxx");
_tcslwr_s(szStr, _countof(szStr));
_tcsupr_s(szStr, _countof(szStr));

还有字符大小写转换的，分别是totupper和totlower。

字符串拼接

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_tsetlocale(LC_ALL, TEXT(".UTF8"));
TCHAR szStrDest[64] = TEXT("xxx");
TCHAR szStrSour[] = TEXT("xxx");
_tcscat_s(szStrDest, _countof(szStrDest), szStrSour); //第二个参数需要缓冲区大小
_tprintf(TEXT("%s\n"), szStrDest);

字符串比较

比较ASCII码值。如果需要比较汉字时，本地环境改为chs，并将_tcscmp直接替换为_tcscoll。

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_tsetlocale(LC_ALL, TEXT(".UTF8"));
TCHAR szStr1[] = TEXT("xxx");
TCHAR szStr2[] = TEXT("xxx");
DWORD n = _tcscmp(szStr1, szStr2);
if (n > 0)
	_tprintf(TEXT("szStr1 大于 szStr2\n"));
else if(n<0)
	_tprintf(TEXT("szStr1 小于 szStr2\n"));
else
	_tprintf(TEXT("szStr1 等于 szStr2\n"));

字符串分割

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TCHAR strToken[] = TEXT("xxx");
TCHAR strDelimit[] = TEXT(", \t"); //3种分隔符
LPTSTR lpToken = NULL;
LPTSTR lpTokenNext = NULL;
lpToken = _tcstok_s(strToken, strDelimit, &lpTokenNext); //初次分割用法
while (lpToken != NULL) {
	_tprintf(TEXT("%s\n"), lpToken);
	lpToken = _tcstok_s(NULL, strDelimit, &lpTokenNext); //第三个参数是上次剩余
};

字符串快速排序

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int CALLBACK compare(LPCVOID arg1, LPCVOID arg2) {
	return _tcscoll(*(LPTSTR*)arg1, *(LPTSTR*)arg2);
};
LPCTSTR arrStr[] = {
	TEXT("xxx"),
	TEXT("xxx"),
	TEXT("xxx")
};
qsort(arrStr, _countof(arrStr), sizeof(LPTSTR), compare);
for (int i = 0; i < _countof(arrStr); i++)
	_tprintf(TEXT("%s "), arrStr[i]);

二分查找用bsearch函数。

字符串与数值型互转

字符串转数值时，转double用_ttof，转int用_ttoi，转int64/long long用_ttoi64或_ttoll。一般这些会跳过开头空格并在非数值处停止，如果字符串开头就不是数字则直接不转换返回0。有安全版本，需要指定缓冲区大小和要转换的进制数（2、8、10、16进制），这里不讲。

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#include <stdint.h>
TCHAR str1[] = L"123.45";
double num1 = _ttof(str1);
TCHAR str2[] = L"123";
int num2 = _ttoi(str2);
TCHAR str3[] = L"123456789012345";
int64_t num3 = _ttoi64(str3);
TCHAR str4[] = L"1234567890123456789";
long long num4 = _ttoll(str4);

数值型转字符串：

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int num1 = 123;
TCHAR str1[10];
_itow(num1, str1, 10);
wprintf(TEXT("str1: %ls"), str1);
int64_t num2 = 123456789012345;
TCHAR str2[20];
_i64tow(num2, str2, 20);
wprintf(TEXT("str2: %ls"), str2);
uint64_t num3 = 1234567890123456789;
TCHAR str3[20];
_ui64tow(num3, str3, 20);
wprintf(TEXT("str3: %ls"), str3);

字符串格式化

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#include <strsafe.h>
TCHAR szName[] = TEXT("xxx");
TCHAR szSchool[] = TEXT("xxx");
int age = 21;
TCHAR szBuf[128] = { 0 };
HRESULT hResult = E_FAIL;
hResult = StringCchPrintf(szBuf, _countof(szBuf), TEXT("xxx%sxxx%sxxx%d\n"), szName,szSchool,age);
if(SUCCEEDED(hResult))
	//...
else
	//...